the “male effect” onestrous synchronization and reproductive characteristics of female markhoz goat during the breeding season

one hundred female markhoz goats (42±5 kg) were used to investigate the ‘male effect’ on estrous synchronization and reproductive characteristics of female goat during the breeding season. this was carried out in three separate experiments. in the first experiment, forty female goats were used in 4 groups with different distance from the male goats (i.e. source of pheromone secretion); a1 (1 meter), a2 (12.5 meters), a3 (25 meters) and a4 (50 meters). in the second experiment, thirty female goats were synchronized using cidr in three groups in the presence or absence of male goats; b1 (the presence of male goat with females during synchronization), b2 (sudden introducing of male goat to females goat during the time of removal of cidr) and b3 (no male goat during synchronization). in the third experiment, thirty female goats were used in 3 groups; c1 (male goat permanently was presented near to the females during the experiment), c2 (sudden introducing of male to females) and d or control group (no male before mating). the results showed the effect of male goat on estrous synchronization, causing reproductive cycles in early breeding season and increasing incidence of estrous (p